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Explaining the necessary condition for the existence of the anti-universe
EXPLAINING THE NECESSARY CONDITION FOR THE EXISTENCE OF THE ANTI-UNIVERSE Let us start with the most disputed concept of the pyramid theory. The fact that at the far away infinity a quantum force exists, a constant acceleration permeating through space every where. This acceleration (the product of inertia and acceleration is a force) seems to exist in radial direction going outwardly every where, considering that empty space surrounds matter as a three dimensional sphere. Firstly, empty space considered as a quantum space of randomized energy parcels is not too bad and it explains at least the uniformity for the distribution of the outward force in three dimensions. Secondly, quanta of empty space are accelerated outwardly to 3D-infinity, which bridges Hubble’s distance of our cosmos. As soon as a point like parcel of empty space reaches the speed of light then it disappears from our observation, which is also the definition for the H-distance. Apparently the H-distance is 13.7 billion light years, meaning the acceleration for the quanta is very small and in the order of 1.6*10exp(-10) m/sec². All in all it means a continuous stream of quanta is leaving the surface of a sphere with the radius of H-distance. On the other hand this energy flux should be balanced against the gravity generated overall for the entire universe. Thus a balance of force exists between gravity generated in matter and the outgoing loss of energy at 3D-infinity due to the accelerated quanta as a reaction to the action of gravity. Note, according to Newton’s principles, the balance of force relates to a flux of momentum. Also this should be valid for gravity and if not understood then transpose gravity into Einstein gravitons. Of course, the question immediately arises, is this model of cosmology in agreement with the general relativity theory (GRT)? 1.The no-answer states that one violates GRT because no flux of energy is allowed to leave through the boundary of four dimensional space time even as one takes in consideration the flux of energy of 3D-infinity. To return to the no-answer of GRT. How is it possible to restore Einstein’s tensor equations for the divergence of energy in 4D-time space? One answer is given by the pyramid model it self. Find a symmetry with respect to the four dimensional equations, which counter-balances the drain of energy of or through empty space. Einstein’s tensor equations are symmetric to time. So create an anti-time, which has the same entropy for the universe as the entropy of our own cosmos. It means that anti-time and anti-matter together can counter balance the energy flux disappearing through 3D-infinity of both the universes. Here one encounters the postulate for the existence of the anti-universe, which should be congruent or nearly identical in distribution of matter to our universe. Again the 3D-anti-universe is in absolute rest for matter with respect to the continuous expansion of accelerated empty space. Has one proven the above postulate in the mathematical formalism of GRT for the model of these two universes? The answer is no. The conformation of the existence of the dimension of anti-time comes completely unexpected from another deduction, which luckily for us, confirms the postulate. Again a good understanding of Newton’s principles is required. Firstly, remember that the system of Cartesian coordinates can only exist in two manners. Secondly, make the association derived in chapter 6. The stochastic precession of matter should be the opposite for the same process of anti-matter. In other words were both representations for the precession the same, then no distinction between matter and anti-matter with respect to neutrality was possible. Consequently anti-time as a resolution for the combined problem of two 3D-quantum universes was impossible. The problem is that this indirect reasoning is difficult to grasp. The reasoning for the same two kinds of precessions in the section the derivation of Newton’s law of gravity of chapter 6 is easier to understand.
SCRUTINIZING THE PRECESSION OF THE MEDIATING MASS The equilibrium radius for the mediating mass of the force balance between gravity and the outward acceleration aH is: Since λ = h / (mm c) the Compton length of the mediating mass , it is clear that vm has nothing to do with the light velocity of c . In chapter 2 this distinction between the two kind of λ ´s was never made clear, because vm was not needed in the calculations. However one should distinguish vm with respect to the spin of mediating mass also in relation with the precession. So the 60 degrees for the precession is at ½λ where vm is ¼ from the end velocity and the velocity of the precession has reached ¼√3*vm . Similarly ½λ and ½√3 λ are the corresponding components of the vector λ . To be correct the spin of a particle has nothing to do with these components. This supposition was a thinking error in the section of chapter 2 the analysis of the vector composition of Hubble’s distance. Perhaps this is true, but let us compare the number of quanta the Hubble distance and at the Compton length. The ratio between the energies of the Einstein gravitons is. Conclusion the most important thing is to realize that
THE PROBLEM OF THE MISSING MASS IN OUR COSMOS REVIEWED IN RELATION TO THE DARK MATTER HYPOTHESIS Since the 1920's Einstein’s cosmology determined the well known idea in four dimensional time space of the open, and closed option for the universe. Open in layman’s terms means the average density in the universe is too small for contraction again and close means the opposite, after a while the force of gravity let the universe contract. These options are closely related with Hubble’s constant, the proportionality constant for the constant expansion of the universe. The higher the observed Doppler shift of the galaxies, the further these are in the past. At theoretical level Hubble’s constant is linked to the critical averaged density of our cosmos. Here critical means the criterion for an open or a closed universe. So one of the enormous efforts in the 20th century astronomy was trying to determine the average density by means of an arsenal of modern telescopes for whatever electro-magnetic wavelength. For many reasons the averaged mass density turned out to be below that of the critical density. It even lead to the famous hypothesis for dark matter. Non-radiating matter seemed to have settled between the light emitting arms of the spiral galaxies. Even since the discovery that neutrinos could have mass, extremely small, it could help to come close to the critical density limit. At least around the end of the 20th century not many astronomers were too worried about the missing mass problem. The averaged density was well within a factor of ten of the critical one. Of course, aided by the dark matter halos present around the galaxies.
A SPECULATION OF THE MEDIATING MASS FOR ATOMS WITH ELECRIC CHARGE Z. The equilibrium of force for the mediating mass of an atom of electric charge Z is similarly valid as the mediating mass of hydrogen. See, derivation mediating mass az λz² = G mmz where az replaces Hubbles acceleration aH , which seems to be valid for only the proton and the electron. mmz is the mediating mass for the neutral atom with charge Z and it replaces mm . The A is the atomic number of nucleon with charge Z and the nucleon in the zero energy state has Z electrons. az is valid in a universe consisting of atom species of charge Z and all stable. This universe has a Mtotz as the overall mass of the universe and λz is the Compton length of the mediating mass mmz . az is also a quantum mechanic acceleration, of which for a momentary direction it is in equilibrium with the force of gravity. It is subjected to quantum mechanic randomcy with respect to its direction. So the equivalence between the rectilinear force (acceleration multiplying it with its own inertia of rest mass) as a quantum parameter and the spherical symmetric force of gravity is established by the overall equilibrium for the universe (see the definition of az or aH , the scaling of the equilibrium universe). The derivation of the mediating mass mmz of the neutral atom of charge Z is intricate and complex and food for theoretical physicists, but a contemplation of the simple expression of mm for the proton and the electron gives some ground for speculation. Further note that once mmz is known, az = mHz c³ / 2h and RHz = h / (mHz c) (fc = 2) With mHz = 2 mmz³ / mpl² and Mtotz = mpl (power 4 ) / 4mmz³ Assume that in the relation mm² = me mp / 4 α , the charge Z follows the square power in the denominator, then mmz² = Z me mA / 4 Z² α where mA = A ma me and mA are the gravitational rest masses of the all the Z-electrons and Z-atom respectively. And as it looks, it is independent of the number of neutrons in the atom, although the neutrons determine the stability of the nucleon. For bismuth Bi : A= 209 and Z = 83 , mmz² = 209*me ma / (4*83 α) mmz = 396.57*me and fz = mmz / mm = 396.57 / 250.81 = 1.5812 az = fz³ aH = (1.5812)³ * 1.63 10exp(-10) m/sec² Mtotz = fz (power4) Mtot and RHz = (1 / fz³) RH . In conclusion fz seems to be the right ball park figure. Note: In using the H-atom model for the charge Z instead of a unit charge for the electron the ratio fz becomes a factor 83 (the square power of Z is the only variable in the denominator here) smaller and is even less than aH. This contradicts the credibility of the equilibrium cosmology for heavy atoms. So both extremes of fz give some insights about the neutrality maintained by the quantum dynamic behaviour of mmz with respect to gravity. Only a derivation proper is conclusive for this new exiting mechanism. top Appendix DEFINITIONS Doppler shift versus gravitational redshift If small red shifts in the spectra of normal light of the stars are observed, there is no distinction between the Doppler red shift caused by matter moving with a different speed than the observer and the red shift due to a photon leaving the gravitational well, unless additional information exist. So when Hubble discovered around 1910 his law between red shift and distance of the galaxies, the scientific debate pretty much concluded the aging of light for the red shifts were that high that the strong gravitational sources were excluded and the Doppler shifts of fast moving objects provided the only explanation. Further a matter system under constant acceleration moving away from the observer, gives a constant red shift. (Similar as the red shift of a photon for a gravity source. Only the g-force is radial dependent.) However Hubble’s constant of acceleration is that small that the corresponding red shift can be neglected. So most of the observed red shifts are Doppler shifts due to the velocities of the galaxies moving a way from us.
The electro magnetic properties versus the properties of gravity Both gravity, the magnetic field and the electric charge are forces carried by empty space or vacuum. The electric charge of a particle is static or a constant, but the motion of this particle determines its magnetic properties. In general the neutrality of matter is important to distinguish the gravity force from the electro magnetic forces. Although any charge particle with inertia generates gravity. The neutral flux is a part of the energy of the rest mass that carries energy to time. This is caused by the generation of gravity in matter. It is nearly impossible that the electro magnetic energy or Pointing flux is carried over to the phase space of time. Quanta of gamma radiation as high electro magnetic energy may happen due to annihilation of matter, but the energy does not disappear to time. The resonance properties (quantum mechanics in our reality) of matter are the cause for the separation between time and 3D-space. So the statement is that electro magnetic radiation cannot be transformed into neutral flux to time with out the mediation of matter. The neutral flux of time is the sole property of gravity. This flux is flowing from the three dimensional infinity to the point of matter (atoms), main while empty space is driven into an absolute rotation. Contrary to quantum forces of empty space in relation to matter, the electro magnetic radiation follows the zero geodesics of GRT. Apparently the photon is not subjected to the reaction forces due to gravity determining inertia (reaction forces contained by empty space).
Anti-matter versus matter universe In the pyramid theory the anti-universe consists of anti-matter and the anti universe is propagating in the anti-time. The anti-time is the opposite of time due to the property of normal gravity driving matter and anti-matter into opposite directions of time, while the absolute rotation of empty space in both the universes is also the opposite. Both time and anti-time follow the same evolution of the entropy. Both matter and anti-matter universe are in equilibrium of force caused by gravity. They should have equal overall mass, while even the number of atoms is the same, because each atom and anti-atom balance each other in force too.
The early universe The early universe describes the period just after the Big Bang. The early universe is distinct from the present day universe in the pyramid theory, because two kind of matter were generated, matter and conjugated matter. In the present day universe conjugated matter has disappeared and conjugated gravity has been with drawn into the black mirrors, the black holes in the pyramid theory.
The inverse symmetric solution How strange it may be, but the double rotating dipole (flux tube of neutral energy) having at least two degrees of freedom at the centre of the pyramid frame of six axes of time, is the standard solution for gravity of normal matter. The two principal dimensions for the double rotation in our reality are respectively, the generalized Compton vector (flux tube) of the atom and the entire energy flux of the universe with a length of Hubble’s distance. In the phase space of time the inverse symmetric solution is valid for the black mirrors. No double rotating dipole exists any longer at the centre of the pyramid. Time quanta no longer propagate along the time axis. Instead here at the corners of the pyramid the mirrors resides in three states of aggregation, respectively neutral flux (empty space nullified) normal and conjugated energy. At these corners three black mirrors for each of the three universes are present, in which the three states of aggregation alternate. At these corners time has stopped with respect to the reality of normal matter. The states of aggregation are perpetual alternating.
Einstein’s graviton Depending on how to define it, one can choose the graviton as having the tiniest mass in the universe, which is the rest mass of a quantum of accelerated empty space and defined by the dimension of Hubble’s distance. It is Hubble’s mass mH in relation to the Hydrogen atom. The double rotating flux of the generalized Compton length of the atom may also be called graviton but in that case related to the phase space of time, but it seems more to the point to relate it to the tiniest mass of empty space. For a transmuted atom this mass of empty space is slightly different. See, Speculating the mediating mass of an atom with Z-charge. The Einstein graviton is based on the equivalence of force between gravity and a quant of accelerated empty space. This graviton can be seen as a point accelerated over a distance in which the constant of acceleration is equal to the force of gravity at a certain radius from the source of mass. In terms of quantum mechanics the graviton is a plane probability wave, with a wave length of the accelerated distance. The additional property of the graviton is that it is subjected to a precession acting perpendicular to the accelerated direction. The process of stochastic precession is the generation of Einstein gravitons as a means to describe the generation of gravity in matter. The process of stochastic precession is the opposite for the anti-matter with respect to matter.
Any atom has a mediating mass for gravity. It is a mediation between the rest masses of the leptons and the nucleon of the neutral atom. For Hydrogen the mediating mass can be calculated explicitly. The calculation of the mediating mass consisting of a nucleon of protons and neutrons, giving a Z-charge for the nucleon and the Z-electrons in zero quantum state, is extremely complicated.
The generalized Compton length The generalized Compton length is the quantum mechanic dimension of the rest mass of the mediating mass of an atom. The modulus λ consists of ½λ giving the component of the linear force and has a component of angular momentum of ½√3λ with a right angle to the linear component. The angle between both directions is 60 degrees. In the phase space of time the modulus λ executes a double rotation, due to the linear force of gravity, which is also responsible for the precession or the spin of λ. Due to quantum interference of the double rotation from the anti-atom (also double rotating) the complex system decomposes in the spin of λ in our reality and two quanta going in opposite directions of time. Perpendicular to the plane of rotation for the spin is the direction of time, but also the vector of the angular momentum. The polarity of the time quantum is determined by the angular momentum and in dependent of the overall rotation of empty space. All λ-vectors of all the atoms give empty space its preferential rotation. In GRT the Compton length has the modulus of λ and not ½λ , while ½λ is the Fermi spin of the particle, mediating mass.
The infinity transformation The infinity transformation is a complex process representing the flux of gravity of our 3D-reality of infinity to be transferred to a quantum in the direction of time (or anti-time for the anti-universe). It involves also the quantum mechanics of the double rotation due to the interference of all paired atoms in both universes. Adding all atoms in a universe together gives the total double rotating flux, while the infinity transformation of an atom is synchronized to the overall flux. See, characteristics of the pyramid model for further explanation.
The validity of general and special relativity theory It means that matter systems driven by external force, such as electric or magnetic forces or even the impulse drive behave relativistic. Also the particles having relativistic velocities have time dilatation and even the rest mass of these atoms is increased according to theory. However in the cosmologic sense in relation to the stars of the galaxies moving with nearly relativistic speeds with respect to the point of observation, these rest masses are not enhanced, because they are accelerated according to the quantum mechanic properties of the expanding empty space.
The rest mass of empty space, vacuum. Based on the principles of the general relativity theory, empty space or vacuum surrounding matter, cannot have energy stored into itself. Or the energy content of empty space is zero; all energy or rest mass was stored in the atoms themselves. The opposite of the above idea is, that the energy of matter is stored in the emptiness, which surrounds it. This idea seems only to work if one exploits the principles of quantum mechanics entirely. So atoms or matter are in continuous exchange with all other matter every where in the universe. Under such condition the quantum mechanic properties of empty space have to be balanced against gravity, which is generated in the atoms. This force equilibrium dictates a constant outward directed acceleration of empty space. The constant of acceleration can be expressed in a measure of energy by using Heisenberg’s uncertainty condition, which gives as result the rest mass of a quantum of empty space having point like properties. The uncertainty condition has to be related to a long wave probability embracing the universe, of which the radius is Hubble’s distance. The rest mass of a quantum of empty space is very much smaller than the energy of any photon, which can not have any rest mass at all. Any attempt to measure the rest mass of the photon failed so far and theoretically the rest mass of a photon can also be excluded. top
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PYRAMID MODEL The pyramid theory is a theory of gravity by transposing the generation of gravity in matter to the three dimensional phase space of time. Newton’s law of gravity only states the relation of the force of gravity at a certain radius from a central mass, but this does not explain how the force of gravity comes about. Here in the pyramid theory this law is not only valid for an object of macroscopic size, but even the smallest particle carrying rest mass obeys this law, which was not known before with absolute certainty. The gravity generating property in matter is the primary action while the rest mass or inertia of matter is caused by this action. The rest mass of matter is caused and maintained by the quantum mechanic properties of the three dimensional empty space surrounding all matter. The quantum properties of matter are carried by the all embracing equilibrium force of gravities generated in matter of our universe and the universe of anti-matter. The driving force of gravity in both universes keeps them separated and are pulling these universes away in time. The equilibrium between the forces does not only exist globally for the matter in the universes overall, but it acts locally between the neutral atoms (anti-atoms) themselves. It explains why empty space should carry the quantum mechanic properties by making the rest mass a property of vacuum. Naturally if the equilibrium of force exists per atom then globally in summation of all matter it should also be in equilibrium. What was not realized before but it comes clearly from this balance of gravity forces, is that the rest mass of an atom is constant due to the rotation of empty space of the entire universe. The quanta of empty space of an individual atom align themselves (synchronise) according to the absolute rotation of space in the universe, which is expressed in the validity of the modulus, the square root rule, which is the ratio between Hubble’s distance and Compton’s length equal to the of the square root of all atoms of one type. So the neutral energy (flux) generated by gravity is transferred through the three dimensional empty space from the infinitely far away to the mass points of matter. The number of quanta of empty space of mass mH , N = mpl² / mm² having a probability wave length of RH , Hubble’s distance, while the mediating mass of Hydrogen has Compton’s wave length λ ; mpl and mm are Planck’s mass and mediating mass respectively. (N is about 10exp(+40) quanta per H-atom) So all quanta mH of long waves make up the gravity pole of ½λ at a moment of time and a point like location. The other part of ½λ is transferred to time in the absolute sense. Meaning both material systems, the observer and the other the atom, are not relativistic and nearly at rest. The probability wave length is spherical symmetric with two other parameters for the dimensions, the phi- and theta- angles. The summation of the quanta of the long wave length gives as result a difference wave length of λ , following the frequency of Compton’s dipole of the mediating mass for the Hydrogen atom. All at a moment of time for the summation, perhaps the mathematical scheme is not right, but the long waves of mH carry angular momentum explaining why the C-pole increases to its own frequency. Following up one this explanation one can imagine that space slowly rotates and empty space could have accelerated expansion. From the equivalence between GRT and this quantum theory of empty space one can derive that an energy flux disappears to time (time direction), hidden from our observation. For the atom it seems half the rest mass energy (mediating mass) goes to time and the other half is stored in 3D-space. Having made the connection of the gravity force as an energy flux disappearing to time, one can read in chapter 4 how this neutral flux behaves in the 3D- phase space of time, the pyramid model of the six axes of time. top THE COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT As is well known in astronomic circles the cosmologic constant was out of grace in the standard science from 1930 to say 1970. Mainly, because most theoreticians adhered to Einstein’s view that there were no fundamental reasons to accommodate this parameter in cosmology. This changed during the eighties and nineties, because it was observed that the electromagnetic background radiation (cosmic radiation) in the universe did change proportional with the expansion of the universe and observed as isotropic radiation. As a result one could only conclude that the universe behave as flat Lorenz space and no contraction could or should happen based on the available overall amount of matter in our universe. In fact it comes close to a contradiction with the criterium of the critical density for our cosmos, because there are indications that the critical density of matter may be exceeded. ( the cosmic rosetta stone; physics-to-day, nov. 1997) It should mean that even if there is enough dark matter overall then the flatness does not seem to be explained by the universal constant of gravity alone. So by introducing a parameter for the internal energy of empty space the observed flatness everywhere can be maintained. So this is by definition the cosmologic constant. However introducing an inherent autonomous constant to expand space determined by the polarity sign of the cosmological constant, is controversial to the pyramid theory. Mainly, because the force of gravity is generated by the disappearance of quanta of empty space (carrier field) to the three dimensional phase space of time. In a way some assurance comes from the modern quantum theory of gravity, which claims that the random existence of the other universes, the wormhole theory of empty space at scales of the Planck length, reduces the cosmological constant to zero or perhaps nearly zero. A reduction of hundreds of magnitude ( 10exp(+100)). Again this seems unlikely, because of the kind of fine-tuning required in the constants of physics. See, why is the cosmologic constant so very small?; physics-to-day, march 1989. From considerations in previous sections, we conclude that the cosmological constant cannot exist and should be zero. Although it is difficult to prove , the role of the wormholes in empty space in this kind of quantum physics is similar as the individual balanced (nullified) carrier fields of each atom linking the matter- and the anti-matter universe, which is intrinsic to the pyramid theory. top THE PROBLEM OF THE MISSING SOLAR NEUTRINOS. Finally after more than thirty years of observation it seems that the problem of the missing neutrinos produced in the Sun can be explained. One finds the explanation for example in Physics-to-day, search and discovery, issues jan. 2001 and aug. 2002. In fact the electron neutrinos leaving the Sun and crossing over to the detectors on Earth seem to change flavour. Which flavour has preference (change over from electron- to muon- or tauon-neutrino) is still a question of further analysis, but the major conclusion is; no missing solar neutrinos produced during fusion burning, exist, all can be accounted for. The pyramid model is very explicit about the existence of neutrinos. Firstly, neutrinos are the smallest representations in the carrier field and they can be derived from the analysis of the mechanic kinematic grid of the model using the symmetries of the equilateral pyramid. In itself an amazing feature to derive the existence of neutrinos from the purely mechanics of the double rotating dipoles (not in the sense of dipoles composed of electric charges). Secondly, the neutrino cannot have any rest mass or inertia, for only the more complicated Fermi-particles are stable enough to generate inertia in their respective carrier fields. The neutrino cannot form resonance strings in the phase space of time. Consequently no rest mass is generated. Then what is the reason for the change of flavour in the pyramid theory? According to the mechanical model of propagation (carrier grid) the neutrinos cannot propagate in straight lines, but they move along a path of a helix. Since neutrinos have no rest mass it should mean, the orbit velocity along the helix reaches velocities above the speed of light in empty space and the projected velocity along the direction of propagation of the helix could only be that of the speed of light. Therefore this could explain why neutrinos change flavour or generate an apparent rest mass, for any particle cannot have speeds above the speed of light. Of course the pitch of the helix is different for each of the respective flavours, according to the most likely match of the lepton carrier (electron-, muon- or tauon-type). Was the neutrino existing without carrier then the change of flavour could not happen. So the behaviour of neutrinos allows for one explanation in the pyramid theory, e.g. only the fastest solar neutrinos can change flavour in which they convert energy in the propagation direction to higher angular energy of the muon neutrino. And so on and so forth, for only the fastest mu-neutrinos have enough energy to change into that of a tau-neutrino. Mainly for reasons that the neutrinos and their change of flavour are extremely difficult to detect, it will not be easy to determine the thresholds energy in which the neutrino jumps flavour. Further more, was the neutrino really behaving according to the laws of quantum mechanics, then every neutrino should change flavour and they should have something of a half-life time as the standard theory suggests. However according to the assumptions here, the fastest neutrinos, mostly relativistic, are changing flavour, with a certain time delay. Although it is already well known that the mu-neutrino moving in empty space cannot convert in an e-neutrino without inelastic scattering to matter. top SOME PROPERTIES OF THE PYRAMID MODEL IN PHYSICS The theory of the pyramid model represents the generalisation of the concept of the dipole, a little similar as to two static electric charges of opposite polarity placed at a certain distance. However here it is applied to the three dimensional phase space of time. Because of the existence of this space, the properties of the particles are mirrored in a carrier field, some kind of nullified energy field, belonging to this individual particle. In this sense one can use the term dipole. The carrier field, of which the sort name is cosmic field, defined as the ensemble of all carriers including all the different kind of particles, make up the fabric of nullified energy of the empty space in our reality. The carrier of a particle is linked to the anti-particle in the anti-matter universe propagating in the phase space of time in the opposite direction of our own universe, so the anti-time direction. In the phase space of time the properties of the particles are repeated endlessly in its carrier propagating with twice the speed of light, rotating in this phase space by forming a rotating string and commuting its properties when passing through its individual time axis (line of symmetry in the phase space). In this way inertia or mass (rest mass) of a particle is generated as a property of empty space and it seems that the particle itself is nothing more than a switching device for its carrier. In short this string resonance model in the phase space of time is an explanation for the quantum mechanic behaviour of matter every where in our reality. Summation of the particles and its carriers should generate the property of gravity of matter which leads to a macroscopic model of the theory of string resonance. Here the principle of duality is incorporated in the idea of dipoles to explain gravity. Again due to the interaction (action-reaction) of the macroscopic carrier and matter, the macroscopic string rotates and commutes in the phase space of time. Considering the symmetries of the of the time axes of the equilateral pyramid in the three dimensional phase space of time, the central sphere in this model represents a double rotation of the energy flux of the macroscopic carrier of gravity driving the twelve universes, which are synchronized and controlled by feedback for this double rotation. Since this specific rotation is possible in two modes of symmetry, the pyramid model predicts the existence of another gravitation, not congruent to the one known to us. This difference can only be expressed by considering a sense of rotation for the empty space in our reality. Apart from the prediction of the existence of another gravity, conjugated gravity, normal matter (baronic) cannot be adapted to generate this conjugated gravity. Consequently it leads to the prediction of conjugated matter and anti-matter (also conjugated) of which the anomalous magnetic moment of the barons and leptons should have an opposite sign in polarity with respect to normal matter and anti-matter. So a universe of conjugated matter generating conjugated gravity, is exactly the same as the one we live in. Only in the absolute sense by the aid of the three dimensional phase space of time, its sense of rotation is different. Obviously during the Big Bang, both kind of matter, conjugated and normal, were generated in equal proportions for this universe as well as for the others. Why the conjugated matter disappeared during the evolution of the universe, one should read the other paragraphs about the early universe. The new concept of the phase space of time in physics stands also for the creation out of Nothing (Big Bang) defined as the all embracing possibilities of opposing entities or potentials including all infinities. In fact our cosmos or reality can only exist together with the existence of the eleven other realities, each making up an event horizon in time for each universe. Apparently, matter allows us to observe only our past obscuring everything else. So the three dimensional phase space of time is a really existing but beyond our scope of observation. Note: The interference of the conjugated and the normal gravity leads to a hovering device driven by electromagnetic energy, of which the design is the aim of the prize contest and simultaneously, it is the proof of the validity of the pyramid theory. top In the journal Physics Today (search & discovery) of aug. 2000 the status was reported of the experiments trying to measure the departure from the inverse square law of gravity. This departure could be expected if the force of gravity at certain distances of separation behaves differently. The range for the departure is assessed to be at sub-millimetres or at distances far below that of the Compton length of the electron. The idea behind these experiments is the theory that a universe of multi-dimensions, more than our usual time and three space dimensions, could be linked by compactified strings of multi-dimensions. The multi-dimensional universes consisting of branes, interfere with each other, then giving rise to the departure of the inverse square law. In this the branes do not have to be of the same size and overall mass as our cosmos or brane. Contrary, in the pyramid theory the twelve universes are equal in size and the amount of overall mass. In that situation no departure of the inverse square law for gravity is likely. The congruence of the twelve universes is maintained by a feedback mechanism of the energy flux of gravity directed through matter to the three dimensional phase space of time. Moreover all matter is maintained by resonance in this phase space carried by the field energy, or carrier-, or cosmic field (gravity flux). In other words, all matter in the universes act as identical mirrors of a gigantic interferometer of the energy of the cosmic fields. Since in the pyramid theory inertia is generated by empty space surrounding it, any departure of the inverse square law of gravity should also mean that the concept of the centre of mass for a material body is violated and the centre of mass or the centre of gravity for a material body could not contract in a single point. top
The fundamental principle of the conservation of barons. In the pyramid theory CP-violation, which predicts the asymmetry between matter and anti-matter according to the standard theory, is excluded. Consequently, the separation between the universes of matter and anti-matter during the relative cool BIG Bang, creation ex-nihilio, was caused by the simultaneous generation of conjugated matter (conj. anti-matter) and normal matter (anti-matter). The interplay of 4 kinds of matter in the beginning caused the separation in the time domain of time and anti-time, which is part of the 3 dimensional phase of time maintained in the 12 universes of matter and anti-matter. Matter and anti-matter are conserved and annihilation is only possible if matter and anti-matter meet each other. Firstly, because the symmetry in the 3D-phase space of time of matter (anti-matter) universes cannot be broken. It is a consequence of the creation ex-nihilio. Secondly, the overall amount of matter per universe should be equal up to the last and single counted atom, for the atom and anti-atom are linked by their cosmic fields (carrier) through time and anti-time. Each stable atom (lepton plus nucleon) is in a perpetual state of resonance with the anti-atom. Thirdly, it seems nearly impossible in the present-day universe to generate conjugated matter even under the extreme conditions of the supernovas etc.. CP-violation, apart from generation of anti-matter should also generate conjugated matter (anti-matter). No interaction between matters governed by normal or conjugated gravity has been observed. top CP-violation of B-mesons. The quark concept in the pyramid theory contradicts any CD-violation as is recently a topic in the collision experiments of the subatomic particles. Based on the principle of the symmetries of the equilateral pyramid or tetrahedron, one can derive that the neutral kaons, mesons, consisting of a strange quark and a down anti-quark (or vice versa), appear to be ruled by some imaginary CP-violation. Similarly it is the case for the b-mesons, as is measured recently, in which the down-quark is bound to the bottom anti-quark or vice versa. The apparent CP-violation of the neutral kaons is a consequence of the erroneous interpretation of the quantum numbers of flavour in the standard theory of quantum colour dynamics. Flavour is a derived feature in the pyramid theory, because the quarks or anti-quarks can exit either in the current- or the charged mode. In the current mode the quark appears to rotate in the plane of inertia in the phase space of time, while in the charge mode it is like the electric charge generation and appearing to be static. This rotation or interference circulation is the interchange between the quark and its carrier (ghost field). The neutral kaon (anti-kaon) in its lowest state of energy, has two counter rotating current channels, one quark and one anti-quark, which are marginal stabilized by quarks or anti-quarks in the charge mode. For the neutral kaons two of these marginal states of resonance can be derived, resulting in the well known decays of a duplet or triplet of pi-mesons. For both states of resonance of the kaon the baron state of the quarks does not change and therefore CP-violation cannot happen. So similarly, the CP-violation of the B-mesons can be explained. The quark model of the pyramid theory is only a qualitative explanation and it can hardly compete with the standard theory, based on the mathematics of the Dirac-equation for Fermi-particles. Any road it is a nice result to point out the wrong conclusion in the standard theory. top The correspondence of flavour in the quark model of the pyramid theory and the standard model of quarks exits in the levels of energy for the current mode of quark (anti-quark). Marrying the flavours u&d, s&c, b&t lead to some inconsistencies. For the leptons 3 levels of energy expressed in the rest masses, are valid. These levels are broken in the more heavy masses of the quark flavours. This corresponds to 5 energy levels of the quarks in the current mode. The smaller the diameter of the current channel the higher its virtual mass of the observed quark combination. As soon as the current channel is of the same level of energy as that of the massive bosons the state of resonance of the current mode is less likely. Above that, the virtual mass of the top-quark, a new type of resonance appears, which is labelled top-quark (in meson-state), but not well explained in either theory. Up till one finds other resonance peaks above the bosons states, no conclusion seems possible.
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